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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between language and context. It asks questions like: What do people really mean when they speak in terms?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on the practical and sensible actions. It is in contrast to idealism which is the belief that one must adhere to their principles regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users get meaning from and with each with each other. It is often seen as a part or language,  [http://git.dcv.vn/pragmaticplay4278 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬] however it differs from semantics since it is focused on what the user wants to convey, not what the meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study it is comparatively new, and [https://gitlab.tenkai.pl/pragmaticplay7047/6125783/-/issues/1 프라그마틱 정품확인방법] its research has been expanding rapidly over the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic area of study within linguistics but it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and Anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this discipline. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has been focused on a broad range of subjects that include L2 pragmatic comprehension as well as production of requests by EFL learners and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech,  [http://serverzero.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=free&wr_id=101 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트] and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used a wide range of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics is different by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top contributors in research on pragmatics. However, their rank is dependent on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics solely by the number of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution in pragmatics includes pioneering concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics concentrates on the users and contexts of language usage rather than focusing on reference grammar, truth, or. It focuses on the ways that an expression can be interpreted as meaning various things depending on the context, including those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies that listeners employ to determine which words are meant to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known, long-established one, there is a lot of controversy about the precise boundaries of these fields. For example philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics. Others have argued that this kind of thing should be considered as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics is to be a linguistics branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and should be treated as an independent part of linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics, etc. Others, however, have argued that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as an aspect of philosophy of language because it deals with the ways in which our ideas about the meanings and functions of language affect our theories about how languages work.<br><br>There are a few major issues in the study of pragmatics that have fuelled much of this debate. For instance, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language without using any data regarding what is actually being said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that the study should be considered a discipline in its own right, since it examines the ways in which the meaning and use of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature of utterances and the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in a sentence. These are issues that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment, which are crucial pragmatic processes in that they shape the overall meaning of an expression.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how context affects linguistic meaning. It evaluates how human language is utilized in social interactions, and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communication intention of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory, focus on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Some practical approaches have been put together with other disciplines such as cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of views regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He asserts that semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns what is said while far-side is focused on the logical implications of a statement. They argue that semantics is already determining some of the pragmatics of an expression, whereas other pragmatics is determined by the pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent. This means that the same word can have different meanings in different contexts, depending on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as listener expectations can also change the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. It is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in various situations. For instance, it is acceptable in certain cultures to keep eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different perspectives of pragmatics, and lots of research is conducted in the field. The main areas of research include computational and formal pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; cross-linguistic and intercultural pragmatics; clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated by the language in a context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of the speech and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics like syntax, semantics,  [https://www.haccp1.com/bbs/board.php?bo_table=free&wr_id=260348 프라그마틱 슬롯무료] and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics has developed in many different directions. These include computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics. There is a variety of research that is conducted in these areas, addressing topics such as the significance of lexical characteristics and the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the main issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether it is possible to have a rigorous, systematic account of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isn't well-defined, and that they are the same thing.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to argue back and forth between these two positions, arguing that certain phenomena fall under either pragmatics or semantics. For instance certain scholars argue that if a statement has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, while others argue that the fact that a statement may be interpreted in various ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different view in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one among many ways that the expression can be understood, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This approach is sometimes referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Some recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the entire range of possibilities for  [https://gitea.blubeacon.com/pragmaticplay3850 프라그마틱 슬롯 하는법] interpretation of a utterance by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework, and technological advances developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted parses of an speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any. This is the reason why the exclusiveness implicature is so robust in comparison to other possible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It asks questions like What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable action. It is in contrast to idealism which is the idea that one should stick to their beliefs no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines the way that language users interact and communicate with one and with each other. It is typically thought of as a part of language however it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics studies what the user is trying to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a field of research the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It is primarily an academic field of study within linguistics, but it also has an impact on research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are a myriad of methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's comprehension. The lexical and concept strategies for pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the subject. These views have contributed to the diversity of topics that pragmatics researchers have studied.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a vast range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, and the significance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It can also be applied to cultural and social phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research. However, [https://iwanttobookmark.com/story18402360/pragmatic-image-explained-in-fewer-than-140-characters 프라그마틱 정품]확인 - [https://pragmatickr11111.azzablog.com/30567737/10-tell-tale-symptoms-you-must-know-to-get-a-new-how-to-check-the-authenticity-of-pragmatic Https://Pragmatickr11111.Azzablog.Com] - their ranking differs based on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore hard to classify the top authors in pragmatics solely based on the quantity of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics includes pioneering concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the users and contexts of language usage, rather than on reference grammar, truth, or. It examines the ways in which one utterance can be interpreted as meaning different things in different contexts as well as those triggered by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies employed by listeners to determine which phrases have a message. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely recognized, it's not always clear where they should be drawn. Some philosophers argue that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, while others argue that this kind of problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of language or a branch of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics along with phonology. Syntax, 프라그마틱 무료게임 ([https://frederica362hcr3.blogdeazar.com/profile https://frederica362hcr3.blogdeazar.com/Profile]) semantics, etc. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy since it focuses on how our ideas about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories on how languages function.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a few key issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have suggested, for example, that pragmatics isn't a subject by itself because it studies how people interpret and use the language, without necessarily referring to the actual facts about what was said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the study is a discipline in its own right since it examines the ways in which the meaning and use of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the manner we perceive the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process, and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being said by an individual speaker in a sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in greater in depth. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that help shape the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of a language. It evaluates how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by listeners. Some pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines, such as cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also divergent opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He claims semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects they may or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that some of the 'pragmatics' of an expression are already determined by semantics while the rest is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent. This means that a single utterance may have different meanings depending on factors like indexicality or ambiguity. Other things that can change the meaning of an expression are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, and the expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. This is because each culture has its own rules for what is acceptable in various situations. For instance, it's acceptable in certain cultures to look at each other however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. There are many different areas of study, including pragmatics that are computational and formal as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics in linguistics, and clinical and experimentative pragmatics.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated through the language in a context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure that is used in the spoken word and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics, such as syntax and semantics or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in several different directions that include computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are distinguished by a wide variety of research, which focuses on topics such as lexical features and the interaction between language, discourse, and meaning.<br><br>One of the most important questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide an exhaustive, systematic view of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that semantics and pragmatics are really the identical.<br><br>The debate between these two positions is usually a back and [https://pragmatic-kr42086.activosblog.com/29746128/15-things-that-your-boss-wished-you-d-known-about-pragmatic-free-slot-buff 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험], [https://bookmarkick.com/story18325399/the-reason-behind-pragmatic-free-trial-is-everyone-s-obsession-in-2024 Going Listed here], forth affair, with scholars arguing that particular events fall under the rubric of either semantics or pragmatics. For example, some scholars argue that if an utterance has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, whereas others argue that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different stance in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one among many ways in which an word can be interpreted, and that all of these ways are valid. This is commonly referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has sought to integrate the concepts of semantics and far-side in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by modeling how a speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a speech that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so strong when in comparison to other possible implicatures.

Aktuelle Version vom 25. Dezember 2024, 14:33 Uhr

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It asks questions like What do people really think when they use words?

It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable action. It is in contrast to idealism which is the idea that one should stick to their beliefs no matter what.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics examines the way that language users interact and communicate with one and with each other. It is typically thought of as a part of language however it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics studies what the user is trying to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.

As a field of research the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It is primarily an academic field of study within linguistics, but it also has an impact on research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and the study of anthropology.

There are a myriad of methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's comprehension. The lexical and concept strategies for pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the subject. These views have contributed to the diversity of topics that pragmatics researchers have studied.

The study of pragmatics has covered a vast range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, and the significance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It can also be applied to cultural and social phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used various methods from experimental to sociocultural.

The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research. However, 프라그마틱 정품확인 - Https://Pragmatickr11111.Azzablog.Com - their ranking differs based on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.

It is therefore hard to classify the top authors in pragmatics solely based on the quantity of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics includes pioneering concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on the users and contexts of language usage, rather than on reference grammar, truth, or. It examines the ways in which one utterance can be interpreted as meaning different things in different contexts as well as those triggered by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies employed by listeners to determine which phrases have a message. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely recognized, it's not always clear where they should be drawn. Some philosophers argue that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, while others argue that this kind of problem should be treated as pragmatic.

Another debate is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of language or a branch of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics along with phonology. Syntax, 프라그마틱 무료게임 (https://frederica362hcr3.blogdeazar.com/Profile) semantics, etc. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy since it focuses on how our ideas about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories on how languages function.

The debate has been fuelled by a few key issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have suggested, for example, that pragmatics isn't a subject by itself because it studies how people interpret and use the language, without necessarily referring to the actual facts about what was said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the study is a discipline in its own right since it examines the ways in which the meaning and use of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.

Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the manner we perceive the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process, and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being said by an individual speaker in a sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in greater in depth. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that help shape the meaning of an utterance.

What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of a language. It evaluates how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.

Over the years, many theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by listeners. Some pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines, such as cognitive science or philosophy.

There are also divergent opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He claims semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects they may or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that some of the 'pragmatics' of an expression are already determined by semantics while the rest is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent. This means that a single utterance may have different meanings depending on factors like indexicality or ambiguity. Other things that can change the meaning of an expression are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, and the expectations of the listener.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. This is because each culture has its own rules for what is acceptable in various situations. For instance, it's acceptable in certain cultures to look at each other however it is not acceptable in other cultures.

There are many different views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. There are many different areas of study, including pragmatics that are computational and formal as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics in linguistics, and clinical and experimentative pragmatics.

What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated through the language in a context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure that is used in the spoken word and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics, such as syntax and semantics or the philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in several different directions that include computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are distinguished by a wide variety of research, which focuses on topics such as lexical features and the interaction between language, discourse, and meaning.

One of the most important questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide an exhaustive, systematic view of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that semantics and pragmatics are really the identical.

The debate between these two positions is usually a back and 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험, Going Listed here, forth affair, with scholars arguing that particular events fall under the rubric of either semantics or pragmatics. For example, some scholars argue that if an utterance has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, whereas others argue that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.

Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different stance in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one among many ways in which an word can be interpreted, and that all of these ways are valid. This is commonly referred to as far-side pragmatics.

Recent work in pragmatics has sought to integrate the concepts of semantics and far-side in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by modeling how a speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a speech that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so strong when in comparison to other possible implicatures.