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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context,  [https://sb-bookmarking.com/story18166001/five-tools-everybody-in-the-pragmatic-kr-industry-should-be-using 프라그마틱 슬롯버프] language and meaning. It deals with questions like What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable actions. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must abide to your convictions.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way that language users interact and communicate with one and with each other. It is often seen as a part or language, but it is different from semantics since it is focused on what the user wants to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of research it is still young and its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic discipline within linguistics, however it also influences research in other fields like speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, and [https://socialwebconsult.com/story3396531/15-of-the-top-pragmatic-korea-bloggers-you-must-follow 프라그마틱 추천] they have contributed to its growth and development. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are also views on the subject. These views have contributed to the wide range of topics that pragmatics researchers have studied.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has been focused on a broad range of subjects such as L2 pragmatic understanding as well as request production by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It is also applied to various social and cultural phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on the database utilized. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, yet their rankings differ by database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors based on the quantity of their publications. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini for instance, has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts such as politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics concentrates on the users and contexts of language use rather than focusing on reference, truth, or grammar. It focuses on the ways in which one expression can be understood to mean different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies used by listeners to determine which words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature which was first developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known, long-established one There is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, whereas others claim that this type of problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as an linguistics-related branch or  [https://pragmatickrcom24555.thechapblog.com/29322237/undeniable-proof-that-you-need-pragmatic-free-slots 프라그마틱] an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be treated as part of linguistics along with phonology. Syntax, semantics, [https://bookmarkindexing.com/story17976814/this-week-s-most-popular-stories-about-pragmatic-casino-pragmatic-casino 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁] 정품 확인법 ([https://ledbookmark.com/story3610936/pragmatic-101-your-ultimate-guide-for-beginners ledbookmark.com]) etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics should be considered an aspect of philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways in which our beliefs about the meanings and functions of language influence our theories of how languages function.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a number of key issues that are central to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language without necessarily being able to provide any information about what actually gets said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this field ought to be considered an academic discipline since it studies how social and cultural factors influence the meaning and use of language. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the manner in which we understand the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is being said by the speaker in a particular sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in greater detail. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment, which are crucial pragmatic processes in that they help to shape the overall meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of language. It analyzes how human language is used in social interactions, and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communication intent of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is a study of the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Certain approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, such as cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also differing views on the borderline of semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different subjects. He claims that semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics concerns what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logic implications of uttering a phrase. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in the words spoken are already determined by semantics while the rest is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that the same word can mean different things in different contexts, based on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. It is because each culture has its own rules for what is acceptable in various situations. In some cultures, it's acceptable to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. There are many different areas of research, including formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics, cross and intercultural linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanation Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by language in context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure that is used in the speech and  [https://pragmatickrcom57777.bloggadores.com/29346492/20-insightful-quotes-on-live-casino 프라그마틱 정품] more on what the speaker is saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics such as semantics, syntax, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics has grown in a variety of directions such as computational linguistics conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are distinguished by a broad range of research that addresses topics such as lexical features and the interplay between discourse, language, and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatism one of the main questions is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic account of the relationship between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not well-defined and that they are the same.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to argue between these two views and argue that certain events are either pragmatics or semantics. For instance certain scholars argue that if an utterance has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics. On the other hand, other argue that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative route. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is only one of many possible interpretations, and that all of them are valid. This method is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine the concepts of semantics and far-side trying to understand the entire range of interpretive possibilities for an utterance by modeling how a speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework, with technological innovations created by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will entertain many possible exhausted parses of an speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so strong in comparison to other possible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the connection between language and context. It addresses issues such as: What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable actions. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must abide by your principles.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way that language users interact and communicate with one and with each other. It is often thought of as a part or language, but it is different from semantics in that it focuses on what the user wants to convey, not what the meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study the field of pragmatics is relatively new and its research has grown rapidly over the past few decades. It is a language academic field however, it has also influenced research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology, and Anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its growth and development. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. Conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have studied.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has been focused on a wide range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It can also be applied to social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used various methods, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different depending on the database used. The US and UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research. However, their ranking is dependent on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to rank the best pragmatics authors solely according to the number of publications they have published. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics has led to concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the users and contexts of language usage rather than focusing on reference grammar, truth, [https://minecraftcommand.science/profile/animebottom0 프라그마틱 사이트] or. It examines how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on methods that listeners employ to determine which words are meant to be communicated. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and established one There is a lot of controversy regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. For example some philosophers have claimed that the concept of sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of languages or a branch of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be treated as part of linguistics along with the study of phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others, however, have argued that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language since it examines the ways in which our concepts of the meaning and [https://bysee3.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=4647025 프라그마틱 정품인증] 무료[https://www.ky58.cc/dz/home.php?mod=space&uid=2058619 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] ([https://www.metooo.com/u/66e28c7ef2059b59ef303b37 Https://Www.Metooo.Com/U/66E28C7Ef2059B59Ef303B37]) uses of language affect our theories about how languages work.<br><br>There are a few key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have been the source of the debate. For example, some scholars have argued that pragmatics is not a subject in its own right because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information regarding what is actually being said. This type of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this study should be considered a discipline in its own right because it examines the ways in which the meaning and usage of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatism.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner in which we understand the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is said by a speaker in a given sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more in depth. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. Both are significant pragmatic processes in that they help to shape the meaning of a statement.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It focuses on how the human language is utilized in social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics.<br><br>A variety of theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory are focused on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of words by hearers. Certain pragmatic approaches have been combined together with other disciplines such as philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also differing opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two separate topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of signs to objects that they could or not denote, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of the words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said while far-side is focused on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They argue that semantics is already determining some of the pragmatics of a statement, whereas other pragmatics are determined by the pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same utterance can have different meanings in different contexts, depending on things like ambiguity and indexicality. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. It is because every culture has its own rules about what is acceptable in various situations. In certain cultures, it's considered polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. Some of the main areas of research include computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; as well as clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How does free Pragmatics compare to explanation Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the use of language in a context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, focusing less on grammatical features of the utterance rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is related to other linguistics areas, 프라그마틱 무료스핀 [[https://digitaltibetan.win/wiki/Post:How_To_Make_An_Amazing_Instagram_Video_About_Pragmatic_Slots_Free_Trial https://Digitaltibetan.win/Wiki/Post:How_To_Make_An_Amazing_Instagram_Video_About_Pragmatic_Slots_Free_Trial]] like syntax, semantics and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics has developed in various directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a wide range of research conducted in these areas, which address issues like the importance of lexical features, the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>One of the major issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to have an accurate, systematic understanding of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isn't well-defined, and that they are the identical.<br><br>The debate between these two positions is usually a back and forth affair scholars argue that particular events are a part of either semantics or pragmatics. For example some scholars believe that if an expression has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, whereas others believe that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different view, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways that the word can be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This approach is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far side methods. It attempts to capture the full range of interpretational possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that the listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified interpretations of an utterance containing the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so strong when compared to other plausible implicatures.

Aktuelle Version vom 29. Dezember 2024, 04:08 Uhr

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics studies the connection between language and context. It addresses issues such as: What do people mean by the words they use?

It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable actions. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must abide by your principles.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is the way that language users interact and communicate with one and with each other. It is often thought of as a part or language, but it is different from semantics in that it focuses on what the user wants to convey, not what the meaning is.

As a field of study the field of pragmatics is relatively new and its research has grown rapidly over the past few decades. It is a language academic field however, it has also influenced research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology, and Anthropology.

There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its growth and development. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. Conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have studied.

The study of pragmatics has been focused on a wide range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It can also be applied to social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used various methods, from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different depending on the database used. The US and UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research. However, their ranking is dependent on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to rank the best pragmatics authors solely according to the number of publications they have published. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics has led to concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on the users and contexts of language usage rather than focusing on reference grammar, truth, 프라그마틱 사이트 or. It examines how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on methods that listeners employ to determine which words are meant to be communicated. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and established one There is a lot of controversy regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. For example some philosophers have claimed that the concept of sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.

Another debate is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of languages or a branch of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be treated as part of linguistics along with the study of phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others, however, have argued that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language since it examines the ways in which our concepts of the meaning and 프라그마틱 정품인증 무료프라그마틱 슬롯 체험 (Https://Www.Metooo.Com/U/66E28C7Ef2059B59Ef303B37) uses of language affect our theories about how languages work.

There are a few key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have been the source of the debate. For example, some scholars have argued that pragmatics is not a subject in its own right because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information regarding what is actually being said. This type of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this study should be considered a discipline in its own right because it examines the ways in which the meaning and usage of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatism.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner in which we understand the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is said by a speaker in a given sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more in depth. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. Both are significant pragmatic processes in that they help to shape the meaning of a statement.

How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It focuses on how the human language is utilized in social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics.

A variety of theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory are focused on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of words by hearers. Certain pragmatic approaches have been combined together with other disciplines such as philosophy or cognitive science.

There are also differing opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two separate topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of signs to objects that they could or not denote, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of the words in context.

Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said while far-side is focused on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They argue that semantics is already determining some of the pragmatics of a statement, whereas other pragmatics are determined by the pragmatic processes.

The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same utterance can have different meanings in different contexts, depending on things like ambiguity and indexicality. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a phrase.

A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. It is because every culture has its own rules about what is acceptable in various situations. In certain cultures, it's considered polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. Some of the main areas of research include computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; as well as clinical and experimental pragmatics.

How does free Pragmatics compare to explanation Pragmatics?

The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the use of language in a context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, focusing less on grammatical features of the utterance rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is related to other linguistics areas, 프라그마틱 무료스핀 [https://Digitaltibetan.win/Wiki/Post:How_To_Make_An_Amazing_Instagram_Video_About_Pragmatic_Slots_Free_Trial] like syntax, semantics and philosophy of language.

In recent years, the field of pragmatics has developed in various directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a wide range of research conducted in these areas, which address issues like the importance of lexical features, the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of meaning itself.

One of the major issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to have an accurate, systematic understanding of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isn't well-defined, and that they are the identical.

The debate between these two positions is usually a back and forth affair scholars argue that particular events are a part of either semantics or pragmatics. For example some scholars believe that if an expression has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, whereas others believe that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different view, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways that the word can be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This approach is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.

Recent work in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far side methods. It attempts to capture the full range of interpretational possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that the listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified interpretations of an utterance containing the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so strong when compared to other plausible implicatures.